Malignant neoplasm of overlapping sites of bladder

A risk plateau at smoking about 15 cigarettes a day can be observed (meaning that those who smoke 15 cigarettes a day are approximately at the same risk as those smoking 30 cigarettes a day). There is an almost linear relationship between smoking duration (in years), pack years and bladder cancer risk. Tobacco smoking is the main known contributor to urinary bladder cancer in most populations, smoking is associated with over half of bladder cancer cases in men and one-third of cases among women, however these proportions have reduced over recent years since there are fewer smokers in Europe and North America. Rarely, a palpable mass can be detected on physical examination. People with advanced disease may have pelvic or bony pain, lower-extremity swelling, or flank pain. Some rare forms of bladder cancer like urachal adenocarcinoma produce mucin, which is then excreted in the urine causing it to be thick. These signs and symptoms are not specific to bladder cancer, and may also be caused by non-cancerous conditions, including prostate infections, overactive bladder or cystitis. Other possible symptoms include pain during urination, frequent urination, or feeling the need to urinate without being able to do so. Blood in the urine may also be caused by other conditions, such as bladder or ureteric stones, infection, kidney disease, kidney cancers or vascular malformations, though these conditions (except kidney cancers) would typically be painful.

Between 80 and 90% of people with bladder cancer initially presented with visible blood. Visible blood in the urine may be of only short duration, and a urine test may be required to confirm non-visible blood. Blood in the urine is the most common symptom in bladder cancer, and is painless. Д«ladder cancer characteristically causes blood in the urine, which may be visible or detectable only by microscope. The highest rates of bladder cancer deaths were seen in Northern Africa and Western Asia followed by Southern Europe. In 2018, the highest rate of bladder cancer occurred in Southern and Western Europe followed by North America with rates of 15, 13, and 12 cases per 100,000 people. Males are more often affected than females. Age of onset is most often between 65 and 84 years of age. Д«ladder cancer, as of 2018, affected about 1.6 million people globally with 549,000 new cases and 200,000 deaths. The typical five-year survival rates in the United States is 77%, Canada is 75%, and Europe is 68%.

Surgical options may include transurethral resection, partial or complete removal of the bladder, or urinary diversion. It may include some combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer. Staging of the cancer is determined by transurethral resection and medical imaging. Diagnosis is typically by cystoscopy with tissue biopsies. Other types include squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

The most common type is transitional cell carcinoma. Risk factors for bladder cancer include smoking, family history, prior radiation therapy, frequent bladder infections, and exposure to certain chemicals. It is caused when epithelial cells that line the bladder become malignant. Symptoms include blood in the urine, pain with urination, and low back pain. Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy Д«ladder cancer is any of several types of cancer arising from the tissues of the urinary bladder. Smoking, family history, prior radiation therapy, frequent bladder infections, certain chemicals Transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma The white in the bladder is contrast.Д«lood in the urine, pain with urination Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.

Malignant neoplasm of overlapping sites of bladder